Putinisation and the European Union of Insecurity

Abstract

In principle, the EU is a military alliance, but with neutral states in it. In fact, the EU is an organisation with security opt-outs, very much reliant on US military umbrella. Also in principle, Russia still is a provider of (energy) security to the EU. In fact, by Putinisation, is being the main revisionist actor since the end of the Cold War. What is, then, next: a deepening of union by security or a loosening of it by appeasement and fear?